Lunak, Michal. "A Brief History of Artificial Insemination in Agriculture/Cattle."
A Brief History of Artificial Insemination in Agriculture/Cattle. n.d. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://extension.unh.edu/counties/grafton/Docs/AI.pdf>
This brief article on the history and development of A.I provides us with a basic knowledge of the artificial insemination process, which will be the basis of our understanding for the duration of the project. Being written by an extension agency, we can be sure that the information is sound and factual. This article is a great “jumping off point” for exploring more detailed, complex writings on Artificial Insemination. In addition it lists its works cited, providing us with alternative sources to verify its accuracy and provide us with more indepth information.
Foote, R. H. "The History of Artificial Insemination: Selected Notes and Notables."
Journal of Animal Science (2002): 1-11. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://www.animal-science.org/content/80/E-Suppl_2/1.1.full.pdf>.
R.H Foote’s article on artificial insemination is a detailed source of the research history, purpose and benefits of A.I. It includes main areas of focus within the research, as well as what impact each project had on the industry and agriculture as a whole. In addition, it discusses the differences in A.I between multiple species of livestock, and which industry has benefited the most from its development. This article was published in the Journal for Animal Medicine, a scientific illustration that is an upstanding source of scientific fact.
Makoni, Nathaniel F. "Spotlight on EADD's Breeding Efforts."
East Africa Dairy Development News 3 (2009): 1-15. Web. 20 Sept. 2012. <http://mahider.ilri.org/bitstream/handle/10568/2444/Dairy%20News%20Vol%203.pdf?sequence=1>.
In conjunction with Heifer international, the East African Dairy Development News article discusses the major impact artificial insemination has had on the people of Africa. This publication is most useful in identifying the impact that A.I has had on the world. This source will be instrumental in helping us prove that the invention of artificial insemination is a turning point in the history, as it has affected human beings all over the globe.
Herman, H. A. 1981. Improving Cattle by the Millions: NAAB and the Development and
Worldwide Application of Artificial Insemination. University of Missouri Press, Columbia
Published in 1981, this document illustrates that farmers, ranchers and
consumers everywhere are beginning to realize the effect artificial insemination is having all over the world. This publication provides valuable data to help us prove and define the effect A.I had on history. It includes the development of better breed characteristics, production levels, and efficiency in American agriculture as well as worldwide.
Watson, P. F., eds. Artificial Breeding of Non-domestic Animals: (the Proceedings Of A
Symposium Held At The Zoological Society of London On 7 And 8 September 1977). London: Academic Press For The Zoological Society of London, 1978. Print.
Although this article is not based on American agricultural technology, it does demonstrate how A.I has not only improved our food animal production, but also helped save exotic species. The effect A.I has had on breeding programs involving endangered species of animals has been profound, and is described in this article.
Van Vleck, L. D. 1981. Potential genetic impact of artificial insemination, sex selection, embryo
transfer, cloning and selfing in dairy cattle. In: B. C. Brackett, G. E. Seidel, Jr., and S. M.
Seidel (ed.) New Technologies in Animal Breeding. Academic Press,New York.
This article in the Academic Press is another that discusses the effect A.I will have on an industry as a whole. This is an exception source for determining the genetic effect it has had on the breeds of animals and their production. It goes farther in depth as to how artificial insemination will improve the product that the consumer will receive, as well as how it affects the business of any agricultural operation.
Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB). “Birth of White Rhino After Artificial Insemination with
Frozen Sperm.” ScienceDaily, 25 Oct. 2008. Web. 21 Oct. 2012
<http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081024103856.htm>
This article in Science Daily is another example of the invention of artificial
insemination affecting industries other than agriculture. This author writes about a
white rhino, an animal that is close to extinction, being breed though the process
of artificial insemination and producing a healthy offspring. It discusses how a.i
and frozen sperm contribute to conservation efforts.
USA. FAO / IAEA. Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. Technical & Learning
Resources, Animal Production and Health, APH. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.
<http://www-naweb.iaea.org/nafa/aph/resources/technology-ai.html>.
The FAO published this concerning nuclear techniques associated with the
production of our food. While not focusing on artificial insemination, this article
discusses the implications of technologies such as A.I being used to produce food.
From a government organization, this information is more data based and less
consumer friendly, however it does highlight any cons associated with nuclear
techniques in producing food.
Parish, Jane A., and John Michael Riley, eds. Economic Comparisons of Artificial Insemination
vs. Natural Mating for Beef Cattle Herds. Publication no. 2486. N.p.: Extension Service
of Mississippi Universit, 2011. Web. 21 Oct. 2012
<http://www.msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2486.pdf>.
Another article on the effects of the use of artificial insemination, this publication
specifically addresses how it impacted the industry, economically. It discusses the monetary impact on production costs as well as consumer and market costs overall. This article is useful in proving the overall change that occurred when artificial insemination was implicated.
Blezinger, Steven B. “Cattle Today: ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION: ONE OF THE
INDUSTRY’S MOST UNDERUTILIZED TOOLS.” Cattle Today Inc., n.d. Web. 21 Oct
<http://www.cattletoday.com/archive/2006/May/CT478.shtml>.
Cattle Today is the most prominent publication in the beef cattle industry today.
This article not only provides us with the common information shared with the average individual, but it also shows a record of the spread of artificial insemination in cattle. It explicitly discusses the popularity (or lack thereof ) of artificial insemination in 2006.
“Artificial Insemination in Cattle.” Lecture. Reproductive Physiology and Endocrinology.
University of Florida. Animal Science. Web. 21 Oct. 2012
<http://www.animal.ufl.edu/ans3319/Notes/Chpt15_ANS3319BovineAILab_10.pdf>.
This selection has proven to be a useful source as it provides a simplified version
of much of the information we have already collected. This source is from a lecture on bovine reproductive physiology and endocrinology. Not only does this show us exactly what is being taught to college students today, it also specifically lists the pros and cons of artificial insemination
"Livestock:: Cattle:: Artificial Insemination Animal Husbandry :: Home." Livestock:: Cattle::
Artificial Insemination Animal Husbandry :: Home. TNAU Agritech Portal, 2008. <http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/animal_husbandry/animhus_cattle_AI.html>
This publication is yet another excellent example of the way American
Agricultural technologies can benefit more than just America. This website is an extension agency for a rural area in India, where agriculturalists are employing artificial insemination technologies that have greatly affected their way of life.
Vleck, Dale Van. "Implications of Cloning for Breed Improvement Strategies: Are Traditional
Methods of Animal Improvement Obsolete?" Reading. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 01 Apr. 1999. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1293&context=animalscifacpub>.
Although this publication is focused mostly on cloning in livestock, mentions of
artificial insemination and its pros and cons are listed multiple times. This is especially evident when the author is describing how to achieve a more efficient way to breed selectively for certain traits among meat animal genetics.
Salisbury, G. W., H. K. Fuller, and E. L. Willett. "Preservation Of Bovine Spermatozoa In
Yolk-Citrate Diluent And Field Results From Its Use." Journal of Dairy Science 24.11
(1941): n. pag. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0022-0302/PIIS0022030241954760.pdf>.
\ Although this publication describes the eggs of fish and their reactions to
electrolytes, it illustrates just how delicate the process of A.I can be. It shows that without the proper conditions, artificial insemination is not possible, and being able to produce the right kind of environment required is a true science.
Gray, J., M.A. The Relation of the Animal Cell to Electrolytes. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405576/pdf/jphysiol01753-0036.pdf>.
This lab report is yet anohter example of how delicate the process of A.I can be.
This experiment using egg yolks produced data showing that the success of fertility depends on what kind of conditions the supplies are kept in (great conditions resulted in greater success rates).
Seidel, G. E., J. L. Schenk, L. A. Herickhoff, S. P. Doyle, Z. Brink, R. D. Green, and D. G.
Cran. "Insemination of Heifers with Sexed Sperm." Theriogenology 52.8 (1999):
1407-420. ScienceDirect. SciVerse. Web. 9 Nov. 2012. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093691X99002265>.
This article describes the comparison of both sexed vs. unsexed sperm and frozen
vs. unfrozen sperm and how they differed in amount and utilization. It describes the science the science behind the optimal kind of samples that need to be collected to produce the most offspring the quickest.
Vishwanath, R., R. L. Nebel, W. H. McMillan, C. J. Pitt, and K. L. Macmillan. "Selected times
of Insemination with Microencapsulated Bovine Spermatozoa Affect Pregnancy Rates of Synchronized Heifers." Theriogenology 48.3 (1997): 369-76. ScienceDirect. SciVerse. Web. 9 Nov. 2012. <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093691X97002483>.
This article illustrates how A.I differs in heifers with the use of encapsulated
spermatozoa. It describes how science has evolved and allowed us to produce more solutions to resolve issues with pregnancy rates by finding answers to when and how the process should be conducted.
Vishwanath, R. "Artificial Insemination: The State of the Art." Theriogenology 59.2 (2003):
571-84. ScienceDirect. SciVerse, 4 Dec. 2002. Web. 9 Nov. 2012. <http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0093691X02012414/1-s2.0-S0093691X02012414-main.pdf?_tid=db23e2.
This source reiterates the long history of A.I and the three main points as to why it is not universally used if it is so effective: whether it is simple, economical and successful or not. The author also goes on to say that the importance of A.I is something both producers and consumers need to be aware of for the future and why.
Mydans, Carl. One Step in Artificial Insemination, Prince George's County, Maryland. 1935.
Photograph. Library Of Congress. One Step in Artificial Insemination, Prince George's County, Maryland. Library Of Congress. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997000005/PP/>.
Picture for documentary
Morrant, A. J. and Dun, R. B. (1960), ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF SHEEP
Australian Veterinary Journal, 36: 1–7. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1960.tb03711.x
This agricultural publication from 1960 published information on the technique and uses of artificial insemination. Being published during the “boom” of A.I, this is an accurate record of the evolution of the practice. This publication discusses the “future” artificial insemination has in the sheep industry, and discusses necessary equipment and techniques to develop those practices on one’s farm.
Mydans, Carl. A Step in Artificial Insemination, Prince George's County, Maryland. 1935.
Photograph. Library Of Congress. A Step in Artificial Insemination, Prince George's County, Maryland. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997000002/PP/>.
Picture for documentary
Mydans, Carl. Artificial Insemination of a Cow, One Step, Prince George's County, Maryland.
1935. Photograph. Library Of Congress. Artificial Insemination of a Cow, One Step, Prince George's County, Maryland. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1997000001/PP/>.
Picture for documentary
Westby, Vernon County, Wisconsin. At the Westby artificial insemination cooperative
Photograph, Web. 07 Dec. 2012
Picture for documentary
Step in artificial insemination experiments at range experiment station. Miles City, Montana
1939 June. | 1 negative | Rothstein, Arthur, 1915-1985
Step in Artificial Insemination Experiments at Range Experiment Station. Miles City, Montana. 1939. Photograph. Library Of Congress. Step in Artificial Insemination Experiments at Range Experiment Station. Miles City, Montana. By Arthur Rothstein. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa2000008958/PP/>.
Picture for documentary
Obtaining semen from stallion for artificial insemination experiments. Miles City, Montana
1939 June. | 1 negative | Rothstein, Arthur, 1915-1985
Obtaining Semen from Stallion for Artificial Insemination Experiments. Miles City, Montana. 1939. Photograph. Library Of Congress. Obtaining Semen from Stallion for Artificial Insemination Experiments. Miles City, Montana. By Arthur Rothstein. Web. 07 Dec. 2012.
Picture for documentary